Pathanamthitta district

For the District Capital with the same name, see Pathanamthitta
Pathanamthitta
—  district  —
Pathanamthitta
Location of Pathanamthitta
in Kerala and India
Coordinates
Country  India
State Kerala
Headquarters Pathanamthitta
District Collector T. T. Antony [1]
Population

• Density

 1,231,577

• 467 /km2 (1,210 /sq mi)
Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)
Area 2642 km2 (1020 sq mi)
ISO 3166-2 IN-KL-

Pathanamthitta district (Malayalam: പത്തനംതിട്ട (ജില്ല)) is the youngest district located in the southern part of the state of Kerala, India. The district headquarters is in Pathanamthitta town. The district is surrounded by Kottayam, Idukki, Alappuzha and Kollam districts. It has a border with the state of Tamil Nadu in the east. Pathanamthitta, Tiruvalla, Adoor, Kozhencherry, Ranni, Konni are the major cities and towns in the district.

Pathanamthitta is known as the headquarters of pilgrimage tourism, for the large number of pilgrims it receives. The world famous pilgrimage centre of Sabarimala, is situated here. Having three rivers and a forest cover which includes a tiger reserve, the district also attracts many wildlife and nature enthusiasts.

The According to the Census of India 2001, the population was 1,231,577.[2] Pathanamthitta is declared the first polio-free district in India.[3] The district is 10.03% urbanised.[4]

Contents

Etymology

The district's name is a combination of two Malayalam words pathanam and thitta, which together mean 'array of houses on the river side'.[5] The district capital is located on the banks of the river Achankovil.

History

It is presumed that the regions that form the district were formerly under the Pandalam reign, which had connections with the Pandya kingdom.[6] When Pandalam was added to the princely state Travancore in 1820, the region came under Travancore administration.

The district was formed on November 1, 1982 in the interest of speeding up development. The formation was done by incorporating various portions of the erstwhile Kollam, Alappuzha and Idukki districts. While the taluks Pathanamthitta, Adoor, Ranni, Konni and Kozhencherry were taken from Kollam district, Thiruvalla and Mallappally were taken from Alappuzha district.[5]

Geography

Pathanamthitta is a landlocked district, located at , spanning over an area of 2,637 square kilometres (1,018.15 sq mi).[7] The district is bordered by the districts Kottayam and Idukki in the north, Alappuzha in the west, Kollam in the south. To the east it has border with the Tamil Nadu state.[8]

The district can be divided into three natural geographical regions: the highland, the midland and the lowland. The highland stretches through the Western Ghats, where the hills are tall and covered with thick forests. Western Ghats maintains an average altitude of around 800 m. It descends to the smaller hills of midland in the centre and finally to the lowland. The lowland with its abundance of coconut trees, lies along the western borders of Alappuzha district.[9]

Climate

Pathanamthitta district
Climate chart ()
J F M A M J J A S O N D
 
 
16
 
32
22
 
 
236
 
33
23
 
 
76
 
33
24
 
 
167
 
33
25
 
 
125
 
32
25
 
 
595
 
30
24
 
 
232
 
29
23
 
 
563
 
29
23
 
 
297
 
30
23
 
 
196
 
30
23
 
 
93
 
30
23
 
 
88
 
31
23
average max. and min. temperatures in °C
precipitation totals in mm

Pathanamthitta has a moderate climate, which is more or less the same climatic conditions as prevalent elsewhere in the State. Annual temperature range between 20 °C (68 °F) and 39 °C (102 °F). The district experiences three distinct weather conditions: Winter, summer and the monsoon. The winter season is experienced from December to February and summer season from March to May. There are two rainy seasons: The South-West monsoon (June to September) and the North-East monsoon (October to November). The South-West monsoon is usually very heavy. About 75 per cent of the annual rain is received during this season.

Forest

Pathanamthitta district has a reserve forest area of 1,385.27 square kilometres (534.86 sq mi).[2] This is approximately 50% of the total district area. The forest area can broadly be classified as evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous. The forest is the main source of raw materials for wood based industrial units. Timber is the most important produce.

Rivers

Three important rivers flow through the district. These rivers originate from various mountains of the Western Ghats mountain range. The Pamba (176 km/109 mi) which is the third longest river in kerala, has its origin in Pulachimala. The Achankovil river (128 km/80 mi) originates from Pasukida Mettu, and Manimala river (90 km/56 mi) originates from the Thattamalai hills. A small portion of Kallada river also falls in the southern border of the district. Pamba and Achankovil rivers together drain more than 70% of the total area of Pathanamthitta.[10][11]

One third of the electricity produced in the State comes from this district. The Sabarigiri Hydroelectric project situated at the Pamba basin and the Kakkad Electricity project functions in this district. The abundant water resources are also utilized for irrigation purpose through the Kallada and Pamba irrigation projects.

Economy

Agriculture

Pepper - the King of Spices - on a Pepper Vine
Cocoa pods in various stages of ripening
Sugar cane field

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people. About 75% people are dependent on this sector. Rubber is the most important crop, with its plantations covering over 478 square kilometres (185 sq mi). The hilly terrain coupled with high humidity makes the region suitable for rubber plantations. Paddy is the most important crop cultivated in the wet lands. Tapioca and pulses are the important dry land crops. Other major crops are coconut, banana, pepper and ginger. In certain areas cashew, pineapple, sugarcane, cocoa and other tree spices are cultivated. The land available for cultivation is less since sizeable area of the district is reserve forest.

Major Agricultural Products
Products Area under cultivation (km²) Production (tonne)
Rice 43.39 10784
Sugar Cane 1.23 601
Pepper 56.51 1328
Ginger 5.26 1358
Cardamom 6.64 82
Cashewnut 11.41 636
Rubber 478.47 69094
Tapioca 79.91 226993
Coconut 217.39 380

Fisheries

Pathanamthitta district has a unique position in the inland fisheries map of Kerala state with its freshwater resources like rivers, reservoirs, streams, ponds, quarries and paddy fields. The fisheries activities in this region started with the establishment of a Fresh Water Survey Station. The district has an Ornamental Fish Breeding resource centre and a National Fish Seed Farm. There are 2444[7] fishermen depending on this sector for their livelihood.

Pathanamthitta district has tremendous potential in fish culture sector. For the development of piscine culture activities a Fish Farmers Development Agency(F.F.D.A.) was constituted during the year 1990. The agency provide technical as well as financial assistance to the farmers. The ongoing schemes of F.F.D.A. are assistance to new pond construction, pond reclamation, supply of fish seed, feed, medicine towards input, integrated farming and establishment of mini hatcheries.

Industry

Pathanamthitta district is considered as industrially backward. As of March 31, 2006, there are 13,898 registered Small Scale Industries (SSI), employing 46,421 people.[7] There are also 378 workers employed in the handloom sector. There are three Mini Industrial Estates in the district with the State government declaring 8.5 hectares of area as development plot. District Industries Centre distributes the land to needy entrepreneurs on request. 14.48 hectares of land has been transferred to KINFRA and five acres of land has been transferred to SIDCO for industrial parks. Green channel committee has been set up to help entrepreneurs get help in obtaining licenses, clearances, electricity, water connection, without delay.

Administration

The district headquarters is at Pathanamthitta town. The district administration is headed by the District Collector. He is assisted by five Deputy Collectors holding charges of general matters, revenue recovery, land acquisition, land reforms and election.[12]

Name of Taluks Headquarters No. of Villages
1. Kozhencherry Pathanamthitta 21
2. Thiruvalla Thiruvalla 11
3. Mallapally Mallapally 9
4. Ranni Ranni 11
5. Adoor Adoor 15

Pathanamthitta has two revenue divisions: Thiruvalla and Adoor. The district is divided into five taluks: Ranni, Kozhencherry, Adoor, Thiruvalla and Mallappally. The taluks again are divided into villages. Villages are the lowest level of subdivisions in India. Pathanamthitta has a total of 68 villages.

Under the three tier system of panchayat in rural areas, Pathanamthitta has one district panchayat, 9 block panchayat and 53 grama panthayats. The headquarters of the district panchayat is also at Pathanamthitta. Under the single tier system of municipality in urban areas, Adoor, Pathanamthitta and Thiruvalla are the 3 municipalities the district has.

As per the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008, Pathanamthitta has five Assembly constituencies, down from eight. However, the district was unified into a single Parliamentary constituency, thus contributing a seat to the Lok Sabha. The Pathanamthitta parliamentary constituency is formed by including all the five Assembly constituencies of the district along with two other Assembly constituencies in the neighboring Kottayam district.[13][14] Congress and the CPM/CPI are the two main political parties.

Transport

Some portion of National Highway 220 (NH220) passes through Tiruvalla. SH 07 and SH 08 are the two major State highways providing connectivity to other towns and districts. SH 07, also known as T. K. Road, passes only through Pathanamthitta. SH 08 also known as Main Eastern Highway, is the second longest state highway of Kerala. It connects the townships of Punalur in Kollam district and Muvattupuzha in Ernakulam district.The Kerala Public Work Department (P.W.D) maintains the all the roads in the district, including the village roads. As of 2005, P.W.D. maintains about 1,596 kilometres (992 mi) of road in the district.

There is a good connectivity of State transport, K.S.R.T.C., on the T.K. Road. However, on other roads and especially towards the eastern side, the State transport service is less frequent. Here, private bus operators facilitate the transportation needs. The K.S.R.T.C. has three major depots in the district. From Pathanamthitta, there are Inter State Services to Coimbatore and Tenkasi. Thiruvalla is the only railway station within the district. Trivandrum International Airport at Thiruvananthapuram (119 km/74 mi) is the nearest airport.

A private airport, which is managed by Aranmula Aviation Ltd, is under construction in Aranmula. Once completed, the airport will be the first of its kind in Kerala.[15][16]

Demograhpics

According to the Census of India 2001, the district had a population of 1,234,016 with a density of 467 persons per square kilometre.[17] This is the lowest density in the State after Idukki and Wayanad.[18] Schedule tribes and castes comprise 13% of the total population. The female to male ratio is 1094:1000, which is the highest among the districts in the State.[19] Pathanamthitta's literacy rate is 95%.

Pathanamthitta's major religion are Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains have much smaller followings. Fifty six percent of the population practice Hinduism and 39% practice Christianity. Five percent are Muslims, which has the lowest following in the State.[20]

Culture

Padyani - At Thazhoor Bhagavathy Temple at Vazhamuttom near Pathanamthitta

Pathanamthitta district is known for its fairs and festivals. The Padayani is one such major folk art. The colourful art, colloquially known as Padeni, is associated with the festivals of certain temples only in Southern Kerala. The art is a combination of music, dance, painting and satire. Sabarimala, Maramon Convention, Anandapalli and Kadammanitta are some of the major fairs and festivals.[21] Traditional Keralite festivals like Onam, Vishu as well as other major Christian and Islam festivals are celebrated with great fervor. The region is known for its cultural heritage and communal harmony. Participation of people from different religions can be seen.

The residents of Pathanamthitta partake of Keralite cuisine, which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. Other South Indian and Chinese cuisines are also popular. The residents of the district generally wear traditional Kerala wear. The younger generation prefers Indo-Western clothing to the traditional wear.

The early history of Malayalam literature and the native tradition of Malayalam poetry has its roots in the district through the contributions of the three poets known as Niranam Poets. They lived between AD 1350 and 1450. Their work include the Malayalam translation of Bhagavad Gita, Bharatamala (a condensation of Mahabharatam), Ramayanam, Bhartam, Bhagavata Purana and Sivarathri Mahatmyam. These works are considered to be among the first major work of its kind in Malayalam.

Pathanamthitta was home to a number of acclaimed poets like Pandalam Kerala Varma, Muloor S.Padmanabha Panicker, Puthenkavu Mathan Tharakan, Vennikkulam Gopala Kurup, Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan and K. V. Simon. Renowned writers like Dr.K. M. George, Idayaranmula K. M. Varghese, Dr.K. M. Tharakan, Konniyoor Narendranath had their roots here. V. S. Valiathan, son of Ramavarma Thampuran of Pandalam, is an acclaimed painter of Kerala, who followed the style of Raja Ravi Varma. Valiyathan's paintings are exhibited in the art galleries in USA, Germany, Switzerland and other foreign countries. Film personalities like Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Aranmula Ponnamma, Adoor Bhavani, Adoor Bhasi, Adoor Pankajam, Kaviyoor Ponnamma, M.G. Soman and Mohanlal are the natives of this district.

Tourism

Maramon Convention - Asia's biggest Christian gathering
Temple at Aranmula

With a number of fairs and festivals, Pathanamthitta district is known as the headquarters of pilgrimage tourism.[22] The district receives an estimated three to four million pilgrims during the festival season of Sabarimala.[23] Situated here among the Western Ghats is a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity, Ayyappan. The district is also a host to Asia's biggest and the world's second largest Christian convention.[24] The 8 days Christian gathering in February, is held at Maramon on the sand-bed of Pamba River. The Cherukolpuzha Hindu convention, Kadammanitta devi temple, the 10th century Kaviyoor mahadeva temple and Parthasarathi temple at Aranmula are some of the Hindu religious places of interest. Some of the Christian places of interest are St: Mary's church at Niranam, St.Thomas Ecumenical Church at Nilackal, Manjanikkara Dayara and Parumala. The churches at Niranam and Nilackal (Chayal) are believed to be among the 7 churches founded by St: Thomas Apostle.[25] [26] The Muslim colourful Chandanakkudam festival of the Jama — Al Mosque at Pathanamthitta town also attracts many visitors. Although these places are religious in nature, they attract people from all faiths.

Perunthenaruvi water falls

The district is also known for its reserve forest and wild life. Perunthenaruvi water falls, Kakki reservoir surrounded by forest and wild animals, dam sites at Moozhyar and Maniyar, elephant training centre at Konni, Charalkunnu hill station are ideal locations for nature enthusiasts. Trekking to the Sabari Hills during January to March is also organized by Pathanamthitta District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC).

Muloor Smarakom

Pathanamthitta district has places known for its historical importance. Among them are, ancient castles at Pandalam, monument of Velu Thampi Dalawa at Mannadi and the Muloor Smarakom (Muloor memorial). Pandalam was also the capital of the ancient Travancore kingdom.

The district also has other tourist attractions. Aranmula is a major attraction for its famous metal mirrors and snake boat race. The school of traditional arts located here also attracts foreign visitors. Founded by French artist Louba Schild, the school teaches kathakali, classical dance, classical music as well as kalarippayattu.[27]

Flora and fauna

The Tiger inhabits Pathanamthitta's reserve forests

Pathanamthitta has tropical biodiversity with forest, plantations, rivers and fertile land. Fifty percent of the district is covered with forest, providing rich flora and fauna. The district has a variety of plants including medicinal, spices, tuber crops and those yielding fruits and fiber. Aromatic plants and spices such as pepper, ginger, cardamom and turmeric are cultivated on a large scale. Trees such as timber, teak, rosewood, jack tree, manjakadambu, anjili, pala can be found in abundance.

The forests of the district have excellent wild life habitats. A variety of animals and birds can be found. Tigers, elephants, gaur, deers, monkeys and other wild animals are found in the forest. Giant squirrel, lion-tailed macaques, barking deer and bear can also be spotted in the reserve. Malabar Grey Hornbill and Great Indian Hornbill are found. Wide variety of other birds such as sunbirds, woodpeckers and kingfishers can also be seen.

The existence of the wild life habitat is under threat from various areas. Pollution from fertilizer and industries and illegal sand mining are the major threats. Issues connected to Sabarimala pilgrimage such as clearing of forest land and large amount of waste discharged also threatens the habitat.[10][28]

Education

See also: Education in India

Pathanamthitta district is divided into two educational districts: Pathanamthitta and Thiruvalla. There are no universities in this district. Most of the colleges are affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam. As of 2006, there are six engineering colleges and nine private aided arts and science colleges.[7]

As in the case with most of the State, the schools and colleges here are run by the government, private trusts, or individuals. Each school is affiliated with either the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the Kerala State Education Board. English is the language of instruction in most private schools, while government run schools offer English or Malayalam. After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll at Higher Secondary School in one of the three streams—Arts, Commerce or Science.

Sports

Aranmula Uthrattathi Boat Race

Aranmula Vallam Kali (Boat Race) is part of a festival celebrated during the month of September. Though the snake boat race is also performed at nearby places, the race held at Aranmula is unique because of the boat's shape and design. Maramadimatsaram (Ox Race) is another such seasonal sport. This is held as part of the largest annual cattle fair of Central Travancore region. The race is held in three categories.[29]

While football is the most popular sport, cricket is the most-followed sport as in the rest of the state and India.

Notable people

See List of people from Pathanamthitta District

Notes

  1. ↑ "District collector". Government of India. http://pathanamthitta.nic.in/Dist_collector.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Census of India". Government of India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/. Retrieved 2009-08-24. 
  3. ↑ "District profile-Pathanamthitta". Department of Industries and Commerce, Kerala. http://dic.kerala.gov.in/web/distpta.php. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  4. ↑ "Pathanamthitta". Census of India. http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "History". Government of India. http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/History2.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  6. ↑ "History — Pathanamthitta". Government of Kerala. http://www.kerala.gov.in/pathanamthittanew/history.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "District level database of Pathanamthitta". Government of Kerala. 2006. http://www.kilaonline.org/documents/Disrict%20level%20database%202006/Pathanamthitta.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
  8. ↑ "Pathanamthitta information". Kerala tourism. http://www.keralatourism.info/infobin/ptm.html. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
  9. ↑ "Pathanamthitta- Physiograpy". Government of India. http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/physiography1.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Pampa pollution". Pampa Parirakshana Samithy, N.G.O.. http://www.savepampa.org/pps/Pampa_Pollution.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  11. ↑ "General features — Kerala". Government of Kerala. http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/generalfeatures.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  12. ↑ "Sections in Collectorate". Government of India. http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/Section.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  13. ↑ "Parliamentary Constituencies of Kerala - 2008". Government of Kerala. http://kerala.gov.in/deli_cons_2009.htm#17. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  14. ↑ Radhakrishnan Kuttoor (2008-01-31). "Due recognition for the youngest district". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2008/01/31/stories/2008013153640500.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  15. ↑ Radhakrishnan Kutttoor (2008-03-02). "Domestic flights from Aranmula private airport in two years". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/02/stories/2008030252961900.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
  16. ↑ "International airport to come up at Aranmula". Express News Service. 2009-05-23. http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=International+airport+to+come+up+at+Aranmula&artid=Ivf6Id%7CRYJo=&SectionID=1ZkF/jmWuSA=&MainSectionID=fyV9T2jIa4A=&SectionName=X7s7i%7CxOZ5Y=&SEO=. Retrieved 2009-08-25. 
  17. ↑ "Data sheet — Pathanamthitta". Census of India. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Dist_File/datasheet-3212.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  18. ↑ "District profile — pathanamthitta". Government of Kerala. http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_health/srcell/disprofile.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  19. ↑ "Demography — Kerala". Government of India. http://india.gov.in/knowindia/demography_kerala.php. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  20. ↑ Govind, Biju (2004-09-23). "Increase in Muslim population in the State". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/23/stories/2004092306010500.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-15. 
  21. ↑ "District information — Pathanamthitta". Culture Holidays India Pvt. Ltd.. http://www.cultureholidays.com/kerala/districts/kerala-pathanamthitta.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  22. ↑ "Places of Interest". Official website — Pathanamthitta. http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/Places%20of%20Interest.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 
  23. ↑ "Sabarimala Sri Dharmasastha Temple". Official website — Pathanamthitta. http://www.pathanamthitta.nic.in/Sabarimala.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-29. 
  24. ↑ "Maramon — the ground for Asia's largest Christian gathering, getting ready". Department of tourism, Kerala. http://www.keralatourism.org/event/festival/maramon---the-ground-for-asias-largest-christian-gathering--getting-ready-156.php. Retrieved 2009-08-28. 
  25. ↑ "St Thomas the Apostle of India". St.Thomas Syro Malabar Mission of San Antonio. http://stthomaschurch-sa.org/santhome.aspx. Retrieved 2009-09-15. 
  26. ↑ "Syro Malabar Church History". St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church of the Catholic Parish. http://www.syromalabarqatar.org/syro_church_history_pg1.html. Retrieved 2009-09-15. 
  27. ↑ "Aranmula". Ministry of Tourism, Government of India. http://exploreruralindia.org/HTML/view_site.php?site=Aranmula&page=tourist%20interests. Retrieved 2009-09-15. 
  28. ↑ "TDB to get forest land at Nilackal today". The Hindu. 2005-06-16. http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/16/stories/2005061608210300.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 
  29. ↑ "Maramadimatsaram". Department of tourism, Kerala. http://www.keralatourism.org/event/festival/maramadimatsaram-6187776.php. Retrieved 2009-08-27. 

External links

References

Kottayam district Idukki district
Alappuzha district Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu
   Pathanamthitta district    
Kollam district
Cities and towns in Pathanamthitta district
Pathanamthitta

Adoor · Pandalam · Konni  · Pathanamthitta · Kozhencherry  · Ranni  · Mallapally  · Tiruvalla
Cities and towns
in other districts

Alappuzha · Ernakulam ·  · Kannur ·  · Kollam · Kottayam · Kozhikode ·  ·  · Thiruvananthapuram ·  ·
Districts of Kerala, India
Districts

Alappuzha · Ernakulam · Idukki · Kannur · Kasargod · Kollam · Kottayam · Kozhikode · Malappuram · Palakkad · Pathanamthitta · Thiruvananthapuram · Thrissur · Wayanad
Central Travancore region
Districts
Kollam (Part) · Pathanamthitta · Alappuzha · Kottayam · Idukki(Part)
Main Towns and Cities
Punalur · Pathanapuram · Kottarakkara · Adoor · Konni · Pathanamthitta · Kozhencherry · Aranmula · Kumbanad · Ranni · Vadasserikkara · Mallapally · Tiruvalla · Parumala · Mannar · Edathua · Chengannur · Mavelikkara · Chettikulangara · Kayamkulam · Haripad · Ambalappuzha · Alappuzha · Mankombu · Mararikulam · Cherthala · Aroor · Changanacherry · Vazhoor · Karukachal · Kottayam · Kumarakam · Pambadi · Ettumanoor · Vaikom · Kaduthuruthy · Thalayolaparambu · Kuravilangad · Palai · Uzhavoor · Poonjar · Erattupetta · Kanjirappally · Ponkunnam · Erumely · Mundakayam · Vagamon · Peermade · Kumily